Importance of patient confidentiality Essay

Social insurance experts have an obligation to keep up classification for their patients. Wellbeing experts may not unveil any patient data uncovered by a patient or found by a doctor regarding the treatment of a patient. Patients put the entirety of their trust into human services experts and they must ensure patients’ private data. Outcomes will be made if tolerant classification is unveiled. The security of patient data is vital in light of the fact that there are many hazard factors that could happen. The uncovering of patient data can put patients in danger. Numerous issues could happen if persistent data isn’t kept private. Somebody could get their government disability number, take their personality or even discover their location. Other medicinal services suppliers tattling about a patients’ data, for example, a STD, could get around to others that the patient may know by and by and that can intellectually, sincerely and truly influence a patient. When all is said in done, AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics expresses that the data uncovered to a doctor throughout the patient-doctor relationship is private to the most extreme degree. (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 1) On the off chance that persistent privacy is uncovered than there are outcomes that will follow. Medicinal services experts could be ended for a specific timeframe or totally terminated from the activity relying upon the circumstance. Medicinal services suppliers or even the office could be sued. Additionally human services suppliers could lose patients’ trust since they could hear by overhearing people's conversations that tolerant data isn't secure, and they are not a dependable office. Illicit activities might mean prison time or court contingent upon the circumstance. Keeping up quiet classification is a lawful obligation just as a moral obligation. (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 2) The reason for medicinal services provider’s is to cause the patient to feel allowed to unveil any of theirâ history so the doctor can treat the patient properly. â€Å"If patients are not certain that there cooperations will be held in certainty, they might be repressed from educating their PCPs regarding significant things. (Alta, Anderson, Steele, 2000, para.3) There are times when private data hosts to be unveiled to outside gatherings with the patients’ assent, for example, insurance agencies, parent/watchman, wellbeing divisions or the court may need to summon patient’s clinical records if patients’ don't have any desire to agree to let others see them. This is known as a penetrate of classification. This implies persistent records can be uncovered to an outsider, without understanding assent or court request, of private data that the doctor includes learned inside the patient-doctor relationship. Tolerant record host to be inspected by different gatherings to get their insurance agencies to pay for their consideration and different specialists or offices may need to see their history in light of the fact that occasionally patients must be alluded to different specialists. The general principle with respect to arrival of a patient’s clinical record is that data contained in a patient’s clinical record might be discharged to outsiders just if the patient has assented to such exposure. (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 6) Congress passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) in which offers assurance for individual wellbeing data. It places restricts on how private wellbeing data can be imparted to other people. The HIPPA rules and guidelines give patients better security over their data. Human services suppliers need to maintain a progression of protection norms and on the off chance that they don't, they will have punishments to comply with for not observing those gauges. Inside the HIPPA rules, patients reserve the option to demand a duplicate of their records. It sets up shields for classified wellbeing data gathered, kept up, utilized, or transmitted in electronic structure. Tolerant classification can be maintained a strategic distance from if social insurance suppliers stay proficient consistently and adhere to all guidelines, laws and guidelines. Offices need to have gatherings on a week after week premise so they would all be able to remain refreshed on all standards and issues that should be tended to. Correspondence is the thing that all human services suppliers need to incite in light of the fact that it helps keepâ everyone in the same spot and if there are any issues wellbeing expert ought to have the option to discuss well with others to address a circumstance in an expert way. Generally keeping up tolerant classification is the fundamental obligation to give the best consideration to patients since causing patients to feel quiet with their medicinal services suppliers gives them the trust they have to realize they will be all around dealt with. On the off chance that this obligation of trust is broken, patients might be reluctant to look for care or may not share significant data expected to give the best consideration. The HIPPA laws have reinforced patient privacy. Keeping persistent data private is something other than the best activity, it is the law. References In text Citation: (Alta, Anderson, Steele, 2000, para.3) (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 1) (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 2) (â€Å"American Medical Association,† 2013, Para. 6) Alta, V. Anderson, JD. Steele, D. (September 26, 2000) Confidentiality and Privacy Outline. Webmedia Retrieved May 27, 2013 from http://webmedia.unmc.edu/intmed/geriatrics/addresses/aita3.pdf

Technology Ruining Social Life Human †Free Samples For Students

Question: What Is The Technology Ruining Social Life Human? Answer: Presentation Innovation is something by which each individual is encircled with beginning from the morning till the day's end. Every single person are associated with it by one way or another and now public activity has become the other life structure for everybody (Su and Stolterman 2016). It has become their adjust personality separated from their every day life and innovation is assisting it more with doing so. Innovation helps in making our lives a lot simpler and they are intended to do as such. Presently we don't need to compose letters or post cards to our friends and family concerning the correspondence we can just get the telephone and call anyplace in a flash. Yet, innovation is something that has incorporated so profoundly with our lives that nobody can live without it. With setting to innovation, there is one term Social Media which is planned to make correspondence with our cherished one regardless of whether we don't call themManagement (Su and Stolterman 2016). Be that as it may, a few people are abusing the innovation and making some entire other distinctive character and all the concerned others' opinion of them socially. Presently anybody can message anybody or snap an image and let the others think about their whereabouts without visiting to their home. Thusly, it is basically making more division among families and companions. To be perfectly honest talking, innovation is h elping a great deal like Skype, Whatsapp, Snapchat are name to not many. It isn't so much that we should stop web or quit utilizing these innovations, yet many have completely overlooked the way how it used to be when individuals used to go out with their companions for a long stroll not far off (Benjamin 2015). Clearly innovation is intended to support the individuals however with steady utilization of these advances, it is simply hurting everybody and obliterating their life a tiny bit at a time. Everybody is getting sucked into the web life because of which they are investing less energy with their loved ones (Benjamin 2015). Just all things considered, bringing somebody over telephone isn't online life however getting stuck to the internet based life is addictive and increasingly destructive. So now it is currently up to us all whether we are happy to surrender the virtual world and cutting off all the associations with the virtual servers or we are eager to leave our friends and family and companions for public activities. Doubtlessly, innovation helps in backing off our lives yet we have to scrutinize our self whether we are turning out to be increasingly more reliant on the advances or not. End Web-based social networking is straightforward crushing the lives of each individual and as time passes, everybody is getting progressively addictive to this innovation as it is the most effortless approach to speak with the friends and family without making a trip to their home or anything. Be that as it may, consistent utilization of this innovation is hurting individuals every which way and it is a decent practice to keep a cutoff on the use. References Benjamin, E., 2015. Do we live in an online networking innovation dependent society. Su, N.M. also, Stolterman, E., 2016, June. A Design Approach for Authenticity and Technology. InProceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems(pp. 643-655). ACM.

Chronology Of Events Example

Chronology Of Events Example Chronology Of Events â€" Assignment Example > KAVIN HISTORYFAMILY HISTORYINTRODUCTIONThe relationship between Michael and Roy has been long and stretches beyond all the odds. More often than not, Michael and Roy would speak on the phone daily. They were extremely close, and shared private details of their lives from time to time. This closeness even stretched to other aspects of social life. For instance, Michael and Clare had dinner with Roy and Diane every Tuesday night at different restaurants. They additionally had dinner to their home almost every Sunday for not only to spend time together, but to cook their favorite meals as Roy and Diane were eating simple food at home, and Roy was extremely skinny. Roy constantly told and thanked Clare for bringing his family close, as Clare is a firm believer in family, and therefore hosted every holiday, birthday etc…with the exception of Thanksgiving which Cathy hosted annually. Roy and Diane were also grateful to Clare for bringing Judaism back into Michael life. Roy constantly told Michael that Clare was the daughter he never had. He explained that Clare was always there for them; always available, hosted events at her home based on her belief in family values, and always was doing little things for them which they appreciated. In contract, Roy referred to Cathy as his “shitty daughter” and referenced her lack of interest in them, and the fact that she did not get involved with family events other than to show up. Roy often told Michael that Diane would spend days crying over her relationship with Cathy. Roy and Diane did not disparage Jeff; with the exception of saying he was selfish. They did question his lifestyle, his secrecy surrounding his lifestyle, and even asked him if he was gay. Roy did often comment how Jeff and tanked Greenblatt’s Deli, and that he could not even enter at times to avoid being upset, and would pick up his paycheck in the parking lot. Primarily he was upset with the service, the cleanliness of the employees and restaura nt itself, including the lack of upkeep of the deli case not having full trays of food and garnishes on those trays not being maintained. Michael and Roy, each time they went to a restaurant, would attempt to give the waiter their credit card first, which became a conversation piece. Two years ago, they agreed on two credit cards which they have always maintained. Roy did not comment to Michael that Jeff, nor Cathy’s husband Brian, ever offered to pay when they went out. However, it reached a point where Jeff could not take Roy and Diane out as he was driving a two seat porches, whereas Michael spent $6,000 additional to his car lease to have an electric side step installed on his escalade for easy access for Roy and Diane. Michael was the only child Roy told that Cathy was to receive interest only on her potion of the estate if married to Brian. Michael argued with Roy that he did not agree with his decision, primarily because it would be extremely hurtful to Cathy when she fou nd out. Roy would not back down, again discussing his dislike for Brian. In one or two different occasions Roy called Michael telling him he was upset with Cathy and as a result he would remove her from his will. However, in either occasion, Michael convinced him against the decision. On the second occasion, Roy started the call with “You and Jeff are going to get a lot more money”. After hearing why, Michael made it clear to Roy that he would not accept Cathy or Jeff’s portion of the estate, as that would be tainted money with bad karma. Michael relayed this conversation to Gerald Lunn, as well as a subsequent conversation he had with Roy that he would forgo his interest in the estate if that would satisfy Roy that he only wanted his relationship back with his father. This always was relayed to Gerald Lunn.

Vaccines Are The Most Important Health Practice - 1759 Words

Vaccines are the most important health practice in combating and preventing deadly diseases. Vaccinations are considered the most cost-effective method in preventing infectious diseases. Vaccines are undervalued and under-utilized, which continues to allow preventable diseases to threaten the world. To better explain the importance of vaccines, this paper reviews scholarly journals, articles, professional research and clinical evidence, that proves vaccination are cost-effective and vital to human health. Global Vaccinations In poverty stricken countries limited resources and accessibility play a significant role in who receives vaccinations. Limiting vaccinations increases the potential for life threatening diseases and illnesses. Due to poor living conditions and lack of supplies many children in underdeveloped countries do not receive the vaccines the Centers for Disease Control recommend. The purpose of this research paper is to help educate and inform individuals of the importance of vaccinations. What effects are children in poverty stricken countries facing due to lack of vaccinations? What needs to be done to make sure these communities receive proper vaccination and comply with the Center for Disease Control standards? In poverty stricken, under developed countries there are limited resources, which make it difficult for many to obtain lifesaving vaccinations. More resources need to be made available for these counties and opportunities to help vaccinate childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Global Health Issues1688 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal health issues go beyond national borders and therefore require international cooperation for prevention, planning and preparedness, disaster response, and provision of healthcare. Nurses’ education positions them to provide a personal approach to healthcare and health teaching worldwide as they share information and assess understanding. Nurses play a vital role in protecting patients and the community in both routine practice and emergency response care. Infectious diseases are a leadingRead MoreThe Vaccine Safety Study Act1578 Words   |  7 Pages Vaccine Safety Study Act Rosemary Gyasi Howard University College of Nursing and Allied Health Health Policy and Economics The Vaccine safety study act was designated to a congressional committee over a year ago on April 5, 2013. The congressional committee will then analyze the issue before passing it on to the Senate or the house for further discussion. Some of the issues discussed in the bill various vaccine programs, keeping track of the number of children, infants, andRead MoreVaccines And The Immune System882 Words   |  4 PagesEver wonder what most Americans fear in today’s society? People mostly fear viruses because viruses cause most of your infectious diseases, for instance, smallpox, HIV, Ebola, and Influenza. So that’s why we use vaccines. All of your vaccines are used as an agent that will build up our immune systems to fight off something that is causing us to become ill. Vaccines improve economic growth, life expectancy, protect people from spreading or acquiring the disease, and vaccines can save a ton of livesRead MoreMeningitis (Cdc, 2016).The Affordable Care Act Allows Children1343 Words   |  6 Pagesage of 26. The next set of recommended vaccines for adults are from the age of 60 and older. The elderly are exposed to many diseases due to weakened immune systems. According to the CDC 1 million adults are exposed to shingles and about 60 percent are hospitalized due to the influenza virus (CDC, 2016). They recommend getting the Flu vaccine, Varicella and Zoster vaccine to protect against the two previously mentioned. Another vaccine that is important is the Td or Tdap which protects againstRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children914 Words   |  4 PagesVaccines have saved millions of lives since they were first invented hundreds of years ago. But, they continue be a much debated topic among doctors and parents. Their benefits are often disputed because of so-called dangers related to their administration. Although vaccines are extremely effective, parents still have the power to decide if their children will receive them or not. As a result of parents choosing to not vaccinate the ir children, others may become ill and government spending increasesRead MoreVaccines For Children Program Programs1522 Words   |  7 Pages Vaccines for Children Program Beccca Hamilton The Ohio State University Vaccines for Children Program The importance of vaccines for children has a large impact on healthcare and my future practice. 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As soon as the individual is exposed to live bacteria or viruses of the similar kind that existed in the vaccine in future, the antibodies prevent individualsRead MoreHealt h Promotion On Hepatitis Virus1099 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Promotion on Hepatitis Virus My health promotion or prevention will take place in a college seminar at community college; I chose this group of people because I realized many colleges make medical records mandatory for only students in the health related courses and also freshmen living on campuses. I asked myself, what about those other students who are doing other courses or major who may also be at risk. The main purpose for viral hepatitis teaching is to inform the students of the importanceRead MoreParents And Children Should Not Have Vaccinations1330 Words   |  6 PagesSome critics believe parents and children should not have vaccinations. There’s still a debate going on because the medical community does not agree. Healthcare professionals believes everyone should be vaccinated and it is very important. They believe vaccinations protect you when traveling, prevent childhood illnesses, it’s painless, and you take it once and you are protected for life (Pros and Cons, 2015). These diseases from other countries can be brought back into the United States and causeRead MoreVaccinations Are Just One Cost Effective Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pageson a large scale. Introducing vaccines has led to nearly a 90-100 percent lowering of disease mortality and morbidity. However, controversies have erupted about whether or not people should choose to receive these vaccines or not. Particularly, should parents have the choice to vaccinate or not vaccinate their child. The decision of the parent to vaccine his or her child, is significant in protecting the overall health of a community. This not only influences the health of the nation, but also affects

Essay on Mass Media Coverage of Presidential Election

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mass media coverage of the U.S. presidential election involves two key elements- news reporting and paid advertising. Combined they make the media an important and influential factor in the election process. The media depends upon the campaigns for both news and revenues. The candidates then rely upon the media to get in touch with the largest number of voters possible. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Media has a â€Å" very powerful and justifiable role† (Fullerton-1) to play in presidential elections and can actually dictate a campaign agenda. â€Å"It is the media’s job to sort of be the watchdog (Fullerton-1).† Their job is basically to ferret out the truth and sniff out the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Such shows really impact the viewing audience due to the voters chance at speaking directly to the candidate and expressing their own views.† (Gorin-1) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The presidential debates are probably the most important media events covered in a campaign because voters can see how candidates react in stressful situations and can read numerous articles analyzing the debate after they occur. The debates basically allow the candidates to go head to head with one another and see who can handle themselves more efficiently and who has the most going for them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As far as coverage, newspapers usually provide more material to the campaign than does television, due to the large amount of reporters able to cover the campaign as well as less cost and time restraints as TV. Newspapers also have the benefit of â€Å"corrective journalism† (Gorin-2). â€Å"Instead of printing a candidate’s statement one day, an oppositions rebuttal the next and a related opinion piece the third day, journalists have the capability to include charges, countercharges, background research and analysis all in the same article. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;However, Louis Wolfson, a professor at American University says â€Å" In a larger sense, I don’t think the media sent the agenda for a campaign he said. I think the politicians do, because they try to campaign on the issues they are going to be most successful with and to avoid the onesShow MoreRelatedMedia Coverage on Presidential Candidates 1194 Words   |  5 Pages Both campaign contributions and media coverage has significant power to determine the success of a presidential candidate, and each of them seems to be interconnected with each other. The media has the power of fast deliverance of information, reproducing to an audience of mass quantity, and ability to distort the candidates’ authenticity. Though it largely relies on the campaign contribution that gets the attention of the media. However, it is the media that is more important in determining theRead MoreThe Mass Media s Representation Of Campaign Discourse1397 Words   |  6 Pagescandidate’s hands. With the election coming to its scandalous end, the country has been a tremendous user of television, internet, newspaper, and radio. Presidential nominee, Donald Trump has not hesitated in releasing numerous shocking statements, and the reporters have not resisted their urge of publishing his words. Nevertheless, it is evident that, â€Å"By decreasing the effort necessary for journalists to gather information, politicians can garner substantially more media attention for themselves†Read MoreEssay on Impact Of Television in Presidential Coverage1490 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical coverage as a new medium, surpassed the dominance of newspaper and radio media as the primary public source of information regarding politics by 1962. Political processes and events of various measures were all soon televised in recognition of overwhelmingly positive public feedback. By the 1970s, live coverage of major political events were as common as seeing grass on the ground. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Through the impact of television, political campaigns and elections have neverRead MorePolarization in Us Politics1665 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyze the evidence that American politics is becoming more polarized. If so, is this a reaction to the polarization of political elites? Approx 1500 words 13/12/10 The election of 2008... marked the end of an epoch. No longer could Republicans count on the basic conservatism of the American people, the reflexive hostility to candidates who favour big government (Darman, 2010, 34) In the 1970s and 1980s there was a consensus that the importance of political parties was in declineRead MoreEssay on Mass Media2735 Words   |  11 PagesMass Media is a major part of the everyday lives of American citizens. 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The media gives people access to be able to determine which political party they want to be a part of, develop outlooks on government parties and decisions, and manage their own personal interests. The newspaper, TV, radio, social media, and other online media, are one of the leading factors, if not thee leading factor in political communication and fund-raising. The media’s influence on the p olitical world has shattered the mold in termsRead MoreMedia Bias In The Media1474 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America’s infantile years, the media solely consisted of the printing press, but as a result of industrialization, commercialization, and professionalization, it now extends into the world of technology, reaching far more Americans than ever before. Media can be defined as collective outlets for mass communication. In today’s society, massive amounts of media are consumed in a plethora of forms: newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, and social media. The 2007 U.S. Census Bureau s StatisticalRead MorePolitical Communication2457 Words   |  10 PagesPolitics and the media have long been intimately involved with each other, with media strongly setting an agenda in which politics is very important. (Harris 1999,p.167) Our perceived reality of the real world is largely a product of the media. (Harris 1999,p.186) It is not known which influences more but there are definitely two sides to the story. Many studies have been done to decide but each comes out with different answers. Many say that the media has more of an impact on politics than

Natural Based Insecticides Free Essays

In addition to polluting the environment and disturbing the food chain, a worrying issue with repeated use of the same insecticide over a period of time is development of resistance power by the household insects. Consequently, we are left with more resistant pests and insects to deal with. To reduce these negative outcomes, a perfect solution is to learn organic insecticide recipe, which you can try out at home with readily available supplies. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Based Insecticides or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following info is all about homemade insecticide recipe for your reference.Natural Insecticide # 1: Garlic Spray For natural insect repellent recipe with garlic, chop garlic cloves (3 ounces) and soak the pieces in mineral oil (2 tablespoons) for one night. For added effectiveness, stir in fish emulsion (1 teaspoon) in the garlic mixture. Strain the liquid part and store it in an airtight glass container. While using, dilute one part of this natural insect repellent with 20 parts water and spray to the plants. Natural Insecticide # 2: Tomato Leaf ExtractTomato leaf is excellent for controlling insect and pest infestations in flowering plants. For this natural pest control recipe, you will need leaves of a mature tomato plant, 4 pints water and 1 teaspoon cornstarch. First, blend the tomato leaves in a mixer and stir the extract with cornstarch and water. Using a sprayer, apply this mixture to rose and other flowering plants. Natural Insecticide # 3: Saline Water If you notice spider mites and cabbage worms, the best to use natural insecticide for vegetable garden is salt water.Prepare a natural insecticide recipe by dissolving 4 tablespoons salt in 2 gallons of water. Apply this saline solution to kill the said garden pests. Salt is also commonly used in natural herbicide recipe, but remember that applying a highly concentrated salt solution will negatively affect the soil condition in the area. Natural Insecticide # 4: Neem Oil Neem (Azadirachta indica) possesses natural pest repellent properties, thus serving as an excellent ingredient for killing insects. Nothing can beat the effectiveness of neem oil and neem spray in controlling troublesome garden pests. As you apply neem oil to plants, the insects suck the oil and die. Thus, neem oil serves as a systemic poison for the insects. Natural Insecticide # 5: Hot Pepper and Garlic For hot flavored natural insecticide recipe, combine together 1 quart water, 1 teaspoon of hot pepper sauce and 4 garlic cloves in a bowl. Blend it for 2 – 3 minutes and strain by using a cheesecloth. Apply this hot pepper spray to get rid of caterpillars, aphids and whiteflies.You can refrigerate leftover mixture in an airtight container for future application. Natural Insecticide # 6: Diatomaceous Earth A safe natural insecticide is diatomaceous earth, a white powder derived from diatoms. Sprinkle this powder in the soil to reduce slugs, whiteflies, aphids and other soft bodied insects. Another effectual fungicide and insecticide is boric acid, which is soluble in water. Make a dilute solution of boric acid and water, and use it for treating fungus, as well as ants, fleas, ticks and termites.Refer to natural insecticide for ants for achieving an ant free garden. If you do not have time to go through the making directions of natural insecticide recipe, simply place shallow bowls with beer near the plants. This will attract slugs and snails, thus preventing them from affecting your garden vegetables and flowers. For long-term protection of plants from flea-beetle, you can grow mint and onion in the vegetable garden. Likewise, you can control pests and insects effectually in a natural way, without using chemical products. How to cite Natural Based Insecticides, Papers

Dispersion Compensation in Optical Fiber †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dispersion Compensation in Optical Fiber. Answer: Introduction An optical fiber is only a variable fiber of clear glass powerful at conveying information as light. Optical materials are hair-thin structures made by framing pre-shapes, which are glass poles. Few-mode optical fibers (FMFs) which are also referred to as higher order mode fibers, have already been versatilely used in several purposes for dispersal settlement in long-haul transmission systems (Leo et al. 2013). It is important to conduct mode analysis along with measurement of chromatic dispersion in context to FMF such that the performance of the optical devices and sensors can be upgraded. Hence, this study will be conducted to propose an estimation procedure to measure the chromatic dispersions existing in optical fibers. It will be accomplished with the help of a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) interferometry by using a tunable laser and a straightforward interferometer. Dispersion is depicted as heartbeat disseminating in an optical fiber. As a beat of gentle spreads through a fiber, segments, for example, numerical gap, the essential distance across, refractive list page, wavelength, and laser point width make the beat expand. Dispersion increments over the fiber length. The general effectuation of dissemination on the execution of a fiber optic process is known as Intersymbol Disturbance (ISI) (Temprana et al. 2015). Intersymbol impedance happens when the beat disseminating caused by conveyance triggers the profitability beats of a framework to cover, rendering them imperceptible. Dispersion is typically divided into three types: modal distribution, chromatic distribution and polarization function dispersion. Modal distributionis identified as pulse dispersion brought on by the time wait between lower-order methods and higher obtain modes. Modal distribution is difficult in multimode fiber, producing bandwidth limitation. Chromatic Distribution (CD) is pulse dispersion as a result of the fact that various wavelengths of gentle propagate at slightly multiple velocities through the fiber as the index of refraction of glass fiber is a wavelength dependent volume; multiple wavelengths propagate at various speeds (Dar et al. 2013) Polarization Style Distribution (PMD) occurs as a result of birefringence along the length of the fiber that creates multiple polarization methods to visit at various speeds that will lead to rotation of polarization orientation across the fiber. Measurement methods for chromatic dispersion In the area, three significant techniques can be found for deciding the chromatic dispersion in context to optical fibers. They are depicted by three TIA/EIA business criteria: the beat postpone technique (FOTP-168 standard), the adjusted stage move system (FOTP-169 standard), and the differential stage change procedure (FOTP-175 standard). Phase-shift and differential phase-shift techniques are very similar. In the two methods, a regulated asset is infused at the contribution of the fiber under test. The phase of the sinusoidal balancing signal is looked into at the creation of the fiber and contrasted with the phase of an examination flag, regulated with precisely the same (Brasch et al. 2016). In the stage move procedure, the reference flag includes a set wavelength, while the other adjusted flag is tuned in wavelengths. In the differential stage move methodology, the two signs are tuned in wavelengths with a set interval. The reviewed modulated signal, tuned in wavelengths, is in comparison to a detailed reference signal, also tuned in wavelength; however, the wavelength space is constant. The pulse-delay techniques calculate the time that various wavelength companies journey through the fiber under test, either by photon counting or by testing the hyperlink size with a multi-wavelength OTDR. The CD-OTDR releases multiple laser impulses in to one end of the fiber under test, ultimately applying more than four various wavelengths significantly for better accuracy (Lopez et al. 2013). After that, it examines the time and energy to get back following a back-reflection from the connection at the other end. The full-time delay as a purpose of the wavelength is deduced by evaluating the changing times of journey of the laser pulses. Previous studies on measurement of dispersion Romaniuk et al. (2015), has arranged an intricate framework, where WLANs are connected in to a fiber optic framework to grow DAS in circulation lines in the financially suitable way. They have composed a DAS remote connection for arranged association framework utilizing IEEE 802.11 a WLAN building and plausibility inspected tentatively concerning effective sign speed and delicacy of the received signal. Bufetov et al. (2014), have examined optical straight back proliferation (OBP) approach that used two to a significant degree nonlinear strands to pay for sign fiber non-direct impacts. Walczak, Randoux and Suret (2015), has inspected the rising frameworks for building up the transfer speed for data transmission using fiber optic for the broadband systems. Zuo et al. (2015), have arranged a savvy association stage program (SCPS) based place to approve the bent of program execution connected to deal with and help the association framework in issue regions. Amiri, Nikoukar and Ali (2013), tentatively appeared for at first, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) time in the Eband (71 76 GHz and 81 86 GHz) fixated on photonics time system. Udayakumar, Khanaa and Saravanan (2013), permit us a method to survey the information limit of a nonlinear course and figured the decrease in course limit with regards to fiber optic association frameworks. A shiny new frame to style long run fiber optic association strategies has been made by DeCusatis, C. ed. (2013). Okumura and Terada (2014), analyzed the application type of fiber optic association for satellite correspondences as a result of its negligible fat, expansive data transfer capacity limit and basic engineering for data transporting, electromagnetic aggravation (EMI), insusceptibility and value viabilit y. Futami and Hirota (2014), analyzed 10 GB/s non-dispersal managed and dispersal managed wavelength team multiplexed program that uses pre-payment, article payment or dual payment of every route to minimize dispersal and nonlinear effects. They realize that dual payment provides a minimal penalty for every single dispersal managed WDM systems. Winzer (2015), planned a concise tunable fibre Bragg grating (FBG) that uses distributed thin movie heaters at first glance of the fibre to dynamically improve the article dispersal payment at 40 GB/s non come back to zero sign system. They have shown the first dispersal compensating FBG at long pseudorandom touch collection sample lengths. They discover that a system itself requires only a Bragg grating and a tapered thin steel movie covering to shift and chirp the FBG wavelength by changing the used current through the movie which improves time-varying dispersal routes and may reduce energy penalty associated with nonlinear sign impairments and other variations. Research Questions, Aim and Sub-goals The questions that have been prepared for this particular study are illustrated as below: What is the basic cause of transmission loss in communication systems? What is the importance of testing dispersion in optical fiber? What are the existing dispersion measurement methods for optical fibers? This study aims at understanding the types of dispersion and testing the existence of dispersion in an optical fiber. It is essential to perform measurement of chromatic dispersion in context to FMF for upgrading optical devices as well as sensors performance that are based on FMF (DeCusatis, C. ed. 2013). Henceforth, this study will be led to propose a novel estimation technique for chromatic dispersions of most energized routes in optical filaments. The sub-goals in context to this study for measuring dispersion in optical fibers are listed as below: To analyze the concept of dispersion and understand the various types. To evaluate previous studies on the measurement methods and gain insight into the To demonstrate a new technique to measure dispersion. Theoretical Content The first FMCW interferometer process is comprised of Michelson interferometer along with Tunable Laser Source (TLS) where there is utilization of swept center frequency. It is being used as an alternative for movable delay line which is incorporated in an Optical Low Coherence Reflectometer (OLCR). Typically, FMCW interferometry is used for determining positions of the existing irregularities in a Single Mode Optical Fiber (SMF) that has high sensitivity as well as spatial resolution. Each mode present in the Fiber under Test (FUT) is being propelled with frequency-swept coherent light (Kschischang 2015). Then, another light emitted from interferometers reference arm is interfered with the lights that are transmitted from the modes in FUT (Uddin, Rahman Ali 2015). The detection of power of the lights that are interfered is done with the help of slow photo-detector and beating oscillations that have proportional frequencies with respect to time delays. If there should be an occurren ce of a multimode visual fiber, each setting moves with an alternate spread normal and incorporates a different class speed. Therefore relative time delay, which fits to each function inside an MMF, may be calculated with an FMCW interferometry. The chromatic dispersion of every function inside an MMF may be also received by testing wavelength-dependent time delay in a FMCW interferometer by spanning the middle wavelengths of the tunable laser. The wavelength-dependent a.c. sensor voltage of an interfered indicate in a FMCW interferometry is generally identified by: Wherever Um and ?m would be the constant amplitude and phase of an interfered indicate involving the fundamental function of the reference fibre and the m-th get function of the FUT, respectively. D is exactly how many the thrilled ways in a multimode optical fiber. may be the center wavelength of a tunable laser source. A frequency-tuning rate () is a settable constant value of our tunable laser source (Leo et al. 2013). It presents the mild volume change per device time. Relative party delay m may be the huge difference between the time delay of the m-th thrilled function of an MMF and the fundamental function of a SMF since the reference fiber. Experimental Set-up The underneath figure 1 is a schematic chart of the test set-up to measure the chromatic dispersion of revived settings in a FMF using a transmission-sort FMCW interferometer. An Agilent TLS 81640A tunable light source (TLS) is utilized with focusing range from 1520 1580 nm and focusing selection () of 2 nm as seemed in the specked package of the figure. The wavelength-tuning charge was collection to 5 nm/s or = 625 GHz/s at 1550 nm wavelength indicated while the slant of the satisfied immediate frequency as an element of time, that will be revealed such as for instance a found enamel waveform in beneath figure. The optical energy of the TLS is kept at 2 mW amid the frequency focusing process (Lopez et al. 2013). Beating signs were gained using an information procurement stock up with an activating indication developed each time toward the beginning of frequency sweep. After frequency cleared light from the TLS is part utilizing a 3 dB visual coupler, fifty for each penny of the visual vitality goes into a dependable Michelson shape fiber interferometer, as found in a dashed bundle in figure 1. The helper interferometer is utilized to check the nonlinearity of the frequency convey rate as a reason for time. By considering time-changing time of a beating sign in the helper interferometer with help from Hilbert change remuneration strategy, about all of slip-ups identified with the nonlinear frequency convey rate of our TLS were easily expelled (Okumura Terada 2014). A greater part Mach-Zehnder interferometer is utilized as the primary interferometer, where the lingering visual vitality is part afresh utilizing a 3 dB fiber coupler. A pattern proliferated by method for a FUT is alongside yet another pattern from the examination supply with an extensive segment splitter, and they make aggravation signs at a photograph locator. A carefully assembled few mode fiber (FMF), of which the essential length and the record huge contrast is roughly 8 pm and 0.026, individually, is utilized for instance fiber under test. Results, Outcome and Relevance In the described estimation scheme, dispersions are gotten particularly and instinctually by measuring the time deferments of the modes with respect to wavelength. Another good position is a clear trial set-up involving a tunable laser source and an essential interferometer. Diverse techniques need to gauge the chromatic dispersion of the LP01 strategy for an example FMF with a conventional stage control methodology to get the dispersion of a higher demand mode for every case FMF. Regardless, this system does not need to measure the dispersion of the LP01 for every example FMF. Since the dispersion information of a SMF is prominent, if a standard SMF is used as a sort of viewpoint fiber in the estimation setup, no further reference dispersion estimations would be required. In addition, various tunable lasers for commercial purpose have been developed in the recent years with different wavelengths. Moreover, that procedure could be connected to the strategic assessment for various for te visual strands, for example, for example, photonic precious stone filaments, empty visual strands with a few modes. Project plan refers to the process of developing the scope and objectives along with determining the steps for achieving the goals of the project. It is one the essential process that helps to manage a project efficiently. The project plan also defines the approach as well as process that the team will use for management of the project according to the defined scope. The plan for this research project has been illustrated as below: The project plan comprises of the various activities that are required for completion of the research successfully. The plan has been designed along with the required time to complete each activity. The total duration that has been estimated to accomplish the research project and achievement of project objectives is 42 days that is the project will begin from 25 October 2017 and end on 12 December 2017. The description of the activities required to accomplish the research project is being presented in the below sections: Identifying the purpose of the research: In this activity, the scope of research is developed along with determining the goals and objectives of the research. Purpose of the study states the major initiatives that should be met during the entire project lifecycle. The stage is important for following requirements later as objectives are specified. Review of existing studies on the topic: This activity involves reviewing of the various available journal articles or previous research on the related topic to gain an insight into the theoretical background. This stage is about reviewing several literature studies to gather secondary data for determining the research outcomes so that project can be conducted. Developing aims and questions for the research: This activity is required for evaluating aims and preparing questions to conduct the research. The study requires formulating some research questions to follow proper research methodology and state outcomes in the discussion part. Developing theoretical content: This involves the preparation of theoretical concept behind conducting this research. A literature review can support conceptual content so that project outcomes can be discussed with proper analysis. Determining the experimental setup: This activity involves preparing a setup for conducting the experiment as per theoretical concept Determine the outcomes: This activity involves diagnosis and evaluation of the results that are achieved from the experiment. Concluding the study: In this activity, the conclusion of the study will be stated to present completion of research work management. WBS Task Name Duration 0 Engineering project preparation 35 days 2 Identifying purpose of the research 4 days 3 Review of existing studies on the topic 5 days 4 Developing aims and questions for the research 4 days 5 Developing theoretical content 3 days 6 Determining the experimental setup 10 days 7 Determine the outcomes 7 days 8 Drawing conclusion to the study 2 days Conclusion The development of the fiber optics business within the last several years has been explosive. The analysts assume that this business will continue to develop at a significant charge properly in to another decade. Dispersion in visual materials limits the quality of signal transmission. Chromatic dispersion must be assessed to measure the possibility of improving communities to raise transmission rates, or to evaluate the necessity for compensations. In that paper, a novel strategy for the rating of dispersion has already been discussed. The research being conducted with this examine has helped to provide a fresh, effective chromatic dispersion rating strategy for examining the excited processes of a visual fiber employing an FMCW interferometer system. Dispersion exists in visual fiber in the telecommunication. It is an essential visual feature in the visual fiber and will broaden visual pulse. Function dispersion represents an important position in multimode fiber, while chromatic dispersion or intramodal dispersion is the key system in single mode fiber. Now, single-mode fiber is trusted, so it is crucial to evaluate the dispersion and know the characteristics of dispersion. References Amiri, I.S., Nikoukar, A. Ali, J. 2013, Nonlinear chaotic signals generation transmission within an optical fiber communication link,IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP),3(1), pp.52-57. Barankov, R. Mertz, J. 2015, May. High-throughput imaging of self-luminous objects through a single optical fiber, InLasers Electro-Optics (CLEO), 2015 Conference on(pp. 1-2). IEEE. Brasch, V., Geiselmann, M., Herr, T., Lihachev, G., Pfeiffer, M.H., Gorodetsky, M.L. Kippenberg, T.J. 2016, Photonic chipbased optical frequency comb using soliton Cherenkov radiation,Science,351(6271), pp.357-360. Bufetov, I.A., Melkumov, M.A., Firstov, S.V., Riumkin, K.E., Shubin, A.V., Khopin, V.F., Guryanov, A.N. Dianov, E.M. 2014, Bi-doped optical fibers fiber lasers,IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,20(5), pp.111-125. Dar, R., Feder, M., Mecozzi, A. Shtaif, M. 2013, Properties of nonlinear noise in long, dispersion-uncompensated fiber links,Optics Express,21(22), pp.25685-25699. DeCusatis, C. ed. 2013,Hbook of fiber optic data communication: a practical guide to optical networking, Academic Press. Futami, F. Hirota, O. 2014, July, 100 Gbit/s (10 10 Gbit/s) Y-00 cipher transmission over 120 km for secure optical fiber communication between data centers, InOptical Fibre Technology, 2014 OptoElectronics Communication Conference Australian Conference on(pp. 4-6). IEEE. Kitayama, K.I., Maruta, A. Yoshida, Y. 2014, Digital coherent technology for optical fiber radio-over-fiber transmission systems,Journal of Lightwave Technology,32(20), pp.3411-3420. Kschischang, F.R. 2015, March, Information-theoretic limits on coherent nonlinear optical-fiber communication, InOptical Fiber Communication Conference(pp. W3K-1), Optical Society of America. Leo, F., Mussot, A., Kockaert, P., Emplit, P., Haelterman, M. Taki, M. 2013, Nonlinear symmetry breaking induced by third-order dispersion in optical fiber cavities,Physical review letters,110(10), p.104103. Lopez, O., Kanj, A., Pottie, P.E., Rovera, D., Achkar, J., Chardonnet, C., Amy-Klein, A. Santarelli, G. 2013, Simultaneous remote transfer of accurate timing optical frequency over a public fiber network,Applied Physics B,110(1), pp.3-6. Okumura, Y. Terada, J. 2014, March, Optical network technologies architectures for backhaul/fronthaul of future radio access supporting big mobile data, InOptical Fiber Communication Conference(pp. Tu3F-1), Optical Society of America. Romaniuk, R.S., Dorosz, J., Wjcik, W., Mergo, P. Buczy?ski, R. 2015, December, Optical fiber technology in Pol: four decades of development 1975-2015, InOptical Fibers Their Applications 2015(Vol. 9816, p. 981603), International Society for Optics Photonics. Temprana, E., Myslivets, E., Kuo, B.P., Liu, L., Ataie, V., Alic, N. Radic, S. 2015, Overcoming Kerr-induced capacity limit in optical fiber transmission,Science,348(6242), pp.1445-1448. Udayakumar, R., Khanaa, V. Saravanan, T. 2013, Chromatic dispersion compensation in optical fiber communication system its simulation,Indian Journal of Science Technology,6(6), pp.4762-4766. Uddin, M.N., Rahman, D.M.M. Ali, M.S. 2015, Performance analysis of different loss mechanisms in optical fiber communication,Computer Applications: An International Journal (CAIJ),2(2). Walczak, P., Roux, S. Suret, P. 2015, Optical rogue waves in integrable turbulence,Physical review letters,114(14), p.143903. Winzer, P.J. 2015, Scaling optical fiber networks: Challenges solutions,Optics Photonics News,26(3), pp.28-35. Woyessa, G., Nielsen, K., Stefani, A., Markos, C. Bang, O. 2016, Temperature insensitive hysteresis free highly sensitive polymer optical fiber Bragg grating humidity sensor,Optics express,24(2), pp.1206-1213. Zuo, D.W., Gao, Y.T., Xue, L., Feng, Y.J. Sun, Y.H. 2015, Rogue waves for the generalized nonlinear SchrdingerMaxwellBloch system in optical-fiber communication,Applied Mathematics Letters,40, pp.78-83.

What does a pregnate teenager do about education w Essay Example For Students

What does a pregnate teenager do about education w Essay hen she will likely drop out of school, become an unemployed mother, and need some type of public support. These circumstances can foster a cycle of poverty and dependence that is very difficult to break. Residents develope programs intended to prevent those circumstances by allowing pregnate teens and young mothers to continue their education. The system allows students to have easy access to primary health care providers. But how does this relate to teachers? It helps thim in several ways. First many students visit the clinic with non-specific symptoms. The clinics staff has the opportunity to inquire about possible psychosocial stressors that may relate to the students complaints. In this way, the clinics staff members are able to help the students by identifying deeper interpersonal or ontrapersonal problems that otherwise might be overlooked. Teachers can also refer students to the clinic if they suspect the student is having any difficult. We will write a custom essay on What does a pregnate teenager do about education w specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although the school based clinics vary in staffing, facilities, and funding, and types of services offered, typically a clinic employs a nurse-practitioner, a medical assistant, and a social worker. With over one million teenage girlsone in tenbecoming pregnate every year. Four out of ten teenagers will become pregnat before the age of twenty. At least 82 percent of teen pregnancies are unintended. One out of four adolecents does not use and effective means of contraception. Schools need health clinics and nurseries for these girls. For the school systemmaybe they need to consider better education to the American Student. The student needs to better educated his or herself to the fact that yes you can get pregnate the first time you have sex, you need to be aware of STDswithout safe sex you can get any STD!Be smart and be safe! Unintended pregnancy not only affects the future mother but also the child.

Science Fair Essays

Science Fair Essays Science Fair Essay Science Fair Essay Dylan Missel Cass 2nd block Science Fair Conclusion Baseball vs. Aerodynamics Conclusion For Science Fair, Steven Bowman, my partner, and I decided to test which mass baseball would travel farther when launched from a pitching machine. We decided to use three different types of baseballs. We used an official baseball, a tee-ball (rubber ball), and a plastic, hollow ball (wiffle ball). Before we started the experimentation we researched all the theories that were involved in the experiment. Aerodynamics played a key role in the experiment because based on how the air traveled along the outside of the ball can cause it to many sorts of things while in the air. The seams were a main factor with the baseball because the seams can disrupt airflow and cause spin to evolve on an around the ball. After researching we began experimentation. We conducted the research by having seventeen trials for each ball. We would start by putting the ball through the machine and seeing how far it would travel. We repeated the step seventeen times for each ball. After each attempt we recorded the distance it traveled in meters. The results that we got are as followed: the average distance the official baseball traveled was 9. 3 meters, the average distance the tee-ball (rubber ball) traveled was 8. 4 meters, and the average distance the plastic, hollow ball (wiffle ball) traveled was 6. 2 meters. After reviewing the results, we can conclude that the official baseball traveled farther than the other baseballs. This confirms my hypothesis which was if the baseballs were put through the machine correctly, than the official baseball would travel farther than the other baseballs. In today’s world baseball is a crucial part in entertainment society. Both players and fans are paying large amounts for baseball accessories. I believe that our testing can help baseball players understand the game better. By realizing that how aerodynamics affects the balls pitchers can throw better more accurate pitches also along with more tricky pitches. The batters in realizing the affects that aerodynamics has on the ball will be more in tuned to pitchers when they throw the ball. The batters can also predict what the ball will do once it leaves the pitcher’s hand.

Non Western Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Non Western Theatre - Essay Example history before European countries invaded it and subjugated African nations as colonies, was little known largely because Africans merely improvised their performances without written scripts. Most information of African theater during this time can be gleaned only from the accounts of traders and missionaries and researches of them by scholars. It is not surprising that during the colonial period, the African theater was dominated by European performers who enacted their country’s own classic texts and who made schoolchildren perform them in schools. It was during the post-colonial period, in the 1960s for many African countries and in the 1990s by South Africa, that the African theater was wrested back by the Africans. However, all throughout the different periods and the different categories of African theater, one theme has always prevailed: African theater did not only serve the purpose of entertainment but had been the focal point which sustained African communities as p erformances were the reenactment of the villages’ ethos of the time. In the pre-colonial times, performances were an enactment of the superstitious beliefs of villages, i.e. driving away an evil spirit from the village, and in the post-colonial era, performances were staged first, as a protest against their colonizers and second, when they finally gained independence, as â€Å"critical watchdog† of their new governments.1 African Theater has always been ritualistic and today, traces of the ritualistic aspects still remain in the postcolonial theater. Rituals in â€Å"celebration of birth, marriage, puberty, planting, and harvesting, its epic story-telling tradition of praising heroic and communal achievements, and its visual and auditory spectacle provided by dance and music† are enacted on stage making African theater largely functional. It is said that theaters in general are rooted in ritual, seasonal rhythms, religion and communication but the great distinction between European theater

Fashion Waves in Information System Research Article

Fashion Waves in Information System Research - Article Example However, there are many that state that the information research is not based on the newest innovations and ideas as most expect. Instead, it is a fashion wave, or fad, that continues to emerge in society and among institutes. This is based on needing to manage and continuously create new ideas, information and components without providing newer innovations to the audience. The examination of information research theories shows that fashion waves and fads are stronger elements than the expected elements of innovation. The challenge then becomes based on questioning the management of information research as well as the processes which are used to create and alter the available information research. This research paper will examine the theories based on fashion waves and information research. It will also examine a magazine which provides IS and determine if there are fashion waves, specifically in areas such as decision making, end user computing, management of IS, innovation and impl ementation. When looking at these aspects, there is an indication that fashion waves emerge dependent on the decade, interest in theories and topics which create a response from culture, as opposed to providing new information and segmented research that is required for a given time. Keywords: information research, IS, management of information, research management 1.0 Introduction ... This research paper will examine whether there are fashion trends as well as what impact these have in emerging information research. These will be furthered with an understanding of how this is impacting information research and what this means in terms of growth and development for information services. From empirical evidence and various theories, it is found that fashion waves are based on cultural affiliations and trends, as opposed to true innovation and research. Various areas of interest continue to emerge while creating interest not based on the information research but instead through trends that are popular and of interest toward each time frame. 2.0 Background The concept of fashion waves and fads in information services is one which has been examined and redefined by a variety of theorists. This literature review will look at the definitions and examination of fashion and fads as well as how this is affected by literature. This will be combined with an understanding of t he different theories which have expanded on this idea and how this relates to the different concepts of information services. The background will look at the theories which continue to affect the idea of fashion and the trends which are a part of the IS areas, specifically with justifications of this particular area of study as well as how the different fashion trends in IS continue to prevail with the trends that are continuing to lead the information services area. 2.1 Fashion in Research’s Definition The concept of information services and research is one which is traditionally looked at with opportunities, innovation and building into new ideologies

Sisterhood Method to Calculate Maternal Deaths

Sisterhood Method to Calculate Maternal Deaths

Wind energy

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using: wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Offshore wind farms can harness more frequent and powerful winds than are available to land-based installations and have less visual impact on the landscape but construction costs are considerably higher.Small onshore wind facilities are used to provide electricity to isolated locations and utility companies increasingly buy back surplus electricity produced by small domestic wind turbines. Although very consistent from year to year, wind power has significant variation over shorter timescales. The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when used to supply up to 20% of total electricity demand, but as the proportion incre ases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur.Power management techniques such as having excess capacity storage, dispatch able backing supplies (usually natural gas), storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can greatly mitigate these problems. Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little land Any effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power sources.As of 2010 wind energy production was over 2. 5% of worldwide power, growing at more than 25% per annum. The overall cost per unit of energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas installations. Although wind power is a popular form of energy generation, the construction of wind farms is not u niversally welcomed. Fossil fuels are subsidized by many governments, and wind power and other forms of renewable energy are also often subsidized. For example a 2009 study by the Environmental Law Institute assessed the size and structure of U. S. energy subsidies over the 2002–2008 periods.The study estimated that subsidies to fossil-fuel based sources amounted to approximately $72 billion over this period and subsidies to renewable fuel sources totaled $29 billion. In the United States, the federal government has paid US$74 billion for energy subsidies to support R&D for nuclear power ($50 billion) and fossil fuels ($24 billion) from 1973 to 2003. (Energy subsidies are measures that keep prices for consumers below market levels or for producers above market levels, or reduce costs) During this same timeframe, renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency received a total of US$26 billion.It has been suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and biofuels. History shows that no energy sector was developed without subsidies. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011) energy subsidies artificially lower the price of energy paid by consumers, raise the price received by producers or lower the cost of production. â€Å"Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits.Subsidies to renewables and low-carbon energy technologies can bring long-term economic and environmental benefits†. In November 2011, an IEA report entitled Deploying Renewables 2011 said â€Å"subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits†. The IEA's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet de mand.In the US, the wind power industry has recently increased its lobbying efforts considerably, spending about $5 million in 2009 after years of relative obscurity in Washington. By comparison, the US nuclear industry alone spent over $650 million on its lobbying efforts and campaign contributions during a single ten year period ending in 2008. Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, Germany's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing energy efficiency and renewable energy commercialization, with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.Under the plan large wind turbines will be erected far away from the coastlines, where the wind blows more consistently than it does on land, and where the enormous turbines won't bother the inhabitants. The plan aims to decrease Germany's dependence on energy derived from coal and nuclear power plants. Commenting on the EU's 2020 renewable energy target, Economist, Professor Dieter Helm, is critical of how the costs of win d power are cited by lobbyists. Helm also says that the problem of intermittent supply will probably lead to another dash-for-gas or dash-for-coal inEurope, possibly with a negative impact on energy security. A House of Lords Select Committee report (2008) on renewable energy in the UK reported a â€Å"concern over the prospective role of wind generated and other intermittent sources of electricity in the UK, in the absence of a break-through in electricity storage technology or the integration of the UK grid with that of continental Europe. Many wind power companies work with local communities to reduce environmental and other concerns associated with particular wind farms. In other cases there is direct community ownership of wind farm projects.Appropriate government consultation, planning and approval procedures also help to minimize environmental risks. Some may still object to wind farms but, according to The Australia Institute, their concerns should be weighed against the ne ed to address the threats posed by climate change and the opinions of the broader community. In America, wind projects are reported to boost local tax bases, helping to pay for schools, roads and hospitals. Wind projects also revitalize the economy of rural communities by providing steady income to farmers and other landowners.In the UK, both the National Trust and the Campaign to Protect Rural England have expressed concerns about the effects on the rural landscape caused by inappropriately sited wind turbines and wind farms. Some wind farms have become tourist attractions. The White lee Wind Farm Visitor Centre has an exhibition room, a learning hub, a cafe with a viewing deck and also a shop. It is run by the Glasgow Science Centre. In Denmark, a loss-of-value scheme gives people the right to claim compensation for loss of value of their property if it is caused by proximity to a wind turbine.The loss must be at least 1% of the property’s value. There have been numerous re ports of those living close to wind turbines suffering adverse health effects from noise, vibration and shadow flicker, and in 2009 New York Pediatrician, Dr. Nina Pierpont, claimed to have identified an effect for which she coined the term â€Å"Wind Turbine Syndrome†. An industry commissioned review of the current research on the possible health effects of wind turbine noise and vibration reported in 2010 that, â€Å"the sound (including sub audible sound) is not unique, and does not pose a risk to human health.Although the sound may cause ‘annoyance’ for some people, this in itself is not an adverse health effect. † The findings of the report have, however, been questioned on a number of grounds including; that the reviewing group did not include an epidemiologist, usually a given for assessing potential environmental health hazards, and that there was no clear description of the methods the researchers used to search for available research, nor how the y rated the quality of the research. In October 2010 The Society for Wind Vigilance held an international symposium concerning the subject.A study on wind farm noise published in 2012 by The US state of Massachusetts reported that people are annoyed by sound from wind turbines at far lower sound levels than they are by noises from railroads, aircraft, or road traffic. The study found the percentage of respondents who found noise levels highly annoying rose quickly as sound levels increased above about 37dbA (about the level of a conversation). Wind Power Is A very good resource for energy I think that everybody should use win power in the future

Is the Ecological Crisis the Human Rights Concern of the Century Essay

The ecological crisis has now become an important topic throughout the years. Even so, toward the end of the last century, the issues of such crises became a focal talking point of governments, international organisations and scholars. This most likely is, as Leigh (2005) discusses, an increasing acceptance that such ecological disasters affecting mankind has been one of â€Å"the most critical turning points† that the world has ever encountered. Such crises are experienced when our environment is modified in ways which undermine our continued existence. As the environment and its ecosystems are in a constant state of being damaged, its quality is vastly ruined and this has major effects on the lives that are dependent on it. Magdoff and Foster (2011) suggest that for the ecological crisis to be understood, it must be looked at in the sense of the boundaries of the planet. They go on to indicate that ultimately the Earth has several thresholds which it must remain in in order to preserve the gentle conditions that the Earth has experienced in the past century. These thresholds include loss of biodiversity, climate change, a depleting ozone layer, world-wide freshwater and chemical pollution. Unfortunately, the planet has already passed two of these, including loss of biodiversity and climate change due to our damaging activities that cause environmental disparities. Until recently, the ecological crisis and its subsequent effects have been discussed mainly in the scientific disciplines as merely an environmental issue. It has also been made into an economic concern. However, it is now more than ever in the 21st century being debated and referred to as a subject for human rights. This essay seeks to examine the issue of the impact of the ecological crisis, its human rights implications, and how it has come to be considered the human rights concern of the century. The Ecological Crisis The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st has seen a remarkable increase in the number of environmental catastrophes that the Earth has experienced. These disasters have not been just limited to one eographic region but they have affected nearly every single part of the planet. Some have included climate change, which in turn has been affected by the greenhouse effect and gases ; the advent of peak oil; loss of biodiversity and therefore diminished quantities and quality of food supplies; plus deforestation, chemical pollution and oil spills. These in turn have had a knock-on effect on the way of living for man and caused such issues as rising sea levels, floods, reduced food resources, droughts, and polluted air and water supply. As mentioned, the Earth’s threshold for climate change and biodiversity loss has been passed and this has already been causing irreparable harm to the planet’s ecosystems and the environment. It is still possible, however, to stop such effects from permanent harm to the environment, which is why the ecological crisis has become such an important matter for discussion today. Climate Change â€Å"Of all the environmental issues that have emerged in the past decades, global climate change has been the most serious and most difficult to manage† (Dessler and Parson, 2006). Like with the above quote, it is thought by many scientists and scholars that climate change is and will be the biggest threat to the environment mainly because of its potential to bring about such brutal destruction. Oxfam International (2008) stated that some of the 23 richest countries in the world (comprising Canada, Australia and USA) where just fourteen percent of the entire world population inhabits, produced almost sixty percent of the planet’s carbon emissions since the 1800s. The Earth’s climate is changing. In fact, it has always been varying from time to time. However, the degree of change is now the big worry. The Great Warming (2006) defines climate change as an alteration in the â€Å"long-term climate† of a particular area. It is further stated that humans contribute to this climate change by discharging greenhouse gases and sprays up into the atmosphere while also modifying the land we live on. Dessler and Parson (2006) debate the forecasts for climate change in the 21st century are more or less unclear, nonetheless, this uncertainty can work either way in that the climate may increase or decrease. The prospect of such unknowns makes this question a lot graver. Many of the activities that individuals carry out on a daily basis has contributed significantly to the greenhouse effect, the depletion of the ozone layer, and therefore climate change. As The Great Warming (2006) put it, the inhabitants of the Earth are constantly burning fossil fuels for heating of houses, for production of electricity and to run machines and vehicles. All of these activities have been adding to the warming effect on the atmosphere. The UNDP (2007) report on fighting climate change established that since the start of the industrial age, the temperature of the Earth has risen by about 0. 7 degrees Celsius and this increase seems to be speeding up with time. The report went further in determining that if a threshold of 2oC is broken, we hazard the idea of greater irreparable damage to the environment. Magdoff and Foster (2011) quotes the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stating that by the end of the century in 2100, the most probable temperature increase worldwide will be in the 2. to 4. 6oC range. This, we can see, is far higher than the previously mentioned threshold of 2oC, and as the authors mention, is a major cause for concern and panic. Such drastic climate change can ultimately lead to ice caps melting, sea levels rising, droughts, forced migration of peoples, a reduction in food produce, and danger to coastal regions. This can lead to reduced health and welfare of the population while also causing serious issues with atmospheric pollution. Other forms of the Ecological Crisis Climate change has not been the only crisis the environment has faced. There has also been widespread degradation with other human-driven activities. Goodhart (2009) explains that the ecosystem has been affected by severe exhaustion of its resources. This includes deforestation which has led to erosion and land slippage and thus pushed people out of their habitat. Oils spills have been a major source of concern, according to Goodhart, which has threatened the survival of certain oceanic species that are a vital source of food for man. The ecological crisis will affect the entire world population if nothing is done to stop the effects of all these contributory factors. This has led international organisations such as the United Nations (UN) to establish various agencies and protocols that will guide international actors in dealing with the crisis. These include the IPCC, as well as the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The UN has also held several conferences over the years to tackle the problems including the Earth Summit in Brazil and the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) . As will be seen in the next section, some of these mechanisms have begun placing more emphasis on and framing the environmental issues as human rights concerns. Relationship between the Ecological Crisis and Human Rights â€Å"As the world marks the 60th anniversary of the UDHR, High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay points out that a wide range of universally recognized rights including food, life, water and adequate housing are under a direct threat as a result of climate change† (OHCHR, 2008a). The destruction of the environment and its consequent effects on humans is leading to grave human rights concerns. In its resolution on climate change, the UN Human Rights Council stated their concern for climate change posing a direct danger to communities in the world, further suggesting that this ecological crisis has consequences for the â€Å"full enjoyment of human rights† (HRC, 2008) . Framing of the issues in human rights terms has been a very useful tool for creating greater awareness of its impacts and ensuring that the subject reaches new actors and activists, ultimately influencing the process for the better. Human rights are now frequently referred to as â€Å"universal and indivisible†. For this reason, Hawkins (2010) suggests that every human being is â€Å"entitled to every basic right by virtue of their humanity†. As climate change is possibly the biggest ecological concern of late, many scholars refer to it the most when focusing on the human rights implications. However, there are still very deep human rights concerns for the other contributors to the crisis. Depledge (2007) mentioned that there are, at present, no organisations such as the UN that blatantly suggests a right to a healthy environment. Nevertheless, he proposes that the human right to health covered under the UDHR directly implies a link to the environment. This is because the way in which the environment is kept can and does affect the security of people. Therefore, we see truth in Commissioner Navi Pillay’s words in mentioning these rights. Hunter (2009,p. 7) also suggests that climate change can have an impact on the right to self-determination. One example of the effect of the crisis on this right is that of the Inuit people of Alaska who in 2005 submitted a petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights suggesting that their â€Å"way of life† was being hindered by climate change which in turn influences their continued existence and culture. Climate change, if continued on its current path will increasingly raise the Earth’s temperature. This will further affect the water sources, our food, and cause major disease outbreaks. These activities are bound to result in significant human rights violations under the various charters and treaties. Firstly, the right to health will see a drastic rise of malnutrition in children. There will also be a threat of major increases in droughts and flooding around the world (Oxfam, 2008). Another right that needs to be preserved during this process is the all-important right to life and security. Article 3 of the UDHR asks for the â€Å"right to life, liberty and security of person†. These rights are in serious danger of being breached from the issues of the ecological crisis. Goodhart (2009) maintains that the depletion of environmental resources like clean water and oil has â€Å"been a cause of violent conflict in several areas around the world† and this is of extreme distress because of the occurrence of, say, peak oil. Climate change can greatly affect the security of people around the world. As a result of the rising sea levels, the increased temperature and therefore the damage to land, inhabitants of the Earth will experience more flooding, droughts and fires, heat waves and higher occurrence of storms. All of these can ultimately lead to death and an increase in numbers. Another important right affected by this crisis has been the right to food as stipulated in Article 11(1) of the ICESCR . Current trends are not a good sign for people’s right to food under this treaty. Oxfam (2008) suggests that any further warming of the planet is bound to expose fifty million more people to hunger by the year 2020. Within another 30 years in 2050, that number could vastly increase to 132 million. These are extremely high numbers that would be detrimental to the survival of many regions and populations. The Oxfam report cites the case of Africa, where land for cultivation is being reduced by climate change causing the season for growing crop to decrease thereby producing less crop for food. The International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP) categorically mentions that climate change creates violations of human rights due to the constant harm that we are inflicting on the environment (ICHRP, 2008). The most serious effects of the ecological crisis will usually and unfortunately be experienced by the people whose rights and protections are currently not being respected and so occurrences like climate change, tar sands, and pollution will have a greater impact on the more disregarded populations. This includes the poor and usually indigenous peoples around the world. As Havermann (2009) put it, the indigenous peoples around the world are some of those that are most susceptible to these crises while being the ones who have the smallest responsibility for them. For example, the oil and gas expansion by multinational corporations around the world is having severe effects on climate change and the environment, leading on to issues for human rights particularly with indigenous peoples. As Karliner (1991) noted, oil and its excavation has an overwhelmingly negative effect on the economic stability of these groups. Also a huge concern, as a result, is their health which tends to suffer from these activities. The problems faced by many countries with deforestation have also been exacerbating the situation for the realisation of human rights around the world. Many of the forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. The boomerang effect is thus a reduction in the all-important biodiversity that the forests contain and that is necessary for the continued livelihood and survival of those dependent on it. This includes, according to ICHRP (2008), the over fifty million tribal inhabitants of forests around the globe who are constantly affected with their food safety harshly curtailed. If the present rates at which such deforestation and the previously mentioned rises of climate change, oil spills and pollution continue, it is thought that a majority of the rainforests on the Earth will have vanished even before the 21st century has ended. Concern of the Century? Many environmentalists and human rights defenders have framed the ecological crisis as one with a human rights dimension. This is because most see it now as a serious inhibitor to development, to the daily living of man and to fulfilling the rights that have been laid out in the various international instruments. The ecological crisis has seen a large number of environmental problems over the years and its effects are now being debated fiercely on the world stage. Some world leaders, scientists and the general population are all trying to engage in finding solutions to the problem while others still question and underestimate the gravity of the phenomenon. The issue has become a major concern, not just for the planet physically, but also in a human rights context because the ecological crisis single-handedly affects a range of different human rights as seen above. In many instances, its effects can breach more rights than some of the other current rights violators. In addition, while most abuses of human rights can generally be halted voluntarily, if these environmental problems are allowed to linger untreated then at some point in time the destruction of the environment would have become irreversible. This in turn would result in more human rights violations. As Hawkins (2010) argues, the resources of the planet are limited and so to continue with the existing trend will place humanity in peril. Also, the atmosphere cannot distinguish between the greenhouse gases that affect climate change by the region it comes from (UNDP, 2007). Climate change, for example, is non-discriminatory and unlike other rights violations being perpetrated around the world, it can affect just about anyone. This is why such a huge international human rights advocacy process has now been implemented. In a statement in 2007, UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon referred to climate change as â€Å"the greatest emerging humanitarian challenge of our time† which is â€Å"menacing the whole human family†. As the UNFCCC acknowledged in the framework, the universal reach of the effects of climate change requires the â€Å"widest possible co-operation from all countries† (UNFCCC, 1992). It is evident that the human rights implications of the ecological crisis is a great concern for many people especially in the recent efforts by NGOs to publicise the matter, while a number of measures have been put in place by international organisations such as the UN to tackle the problems – through summits, conferences and protocols like the Kyoto protocol. In 2008, a resolution was passed by the Organisation of American States (OAS) on human rights and climate change (ICHRP, 2008). The commitments set forth in the 1997 Kyoto protocol are soon to end in 2012. Neglecting to meet these obligations will cause us to reach even closer to further crisis. In December 2011, Canada officially pulled out of its commitments to the protocol (Carrington and Vaughan, 2011). The backlash and criticism from world leaders and actors was astounding and this showed the level that the ecological crisis and its implications for human life have reached in this century. Conclusion Going forward without confronting this global challenge that is the ecological crisis with the seriousness that it deserves will result in countless human rights violations around the globe. The climate change, deforestation, oil spills and rising sea levels will cause a massive increase in the destruction of habitats, reduced water supply, island and coastal regions vanishing, and greater health concerns. These in turn are destabilizing many peoples’ rights to food, health, security, life and livelihood. It is imperative that the principles and norms of human rights are continuously applied to these crises so as to halt the irreparable destruction of the environment and the future of humankind. As noted by the UNDP (2007), the 20th century saw leadership disasters resulting in two world wars in which masses of people suffered. In this the 21st century, the destructive nature of the ecological crisis has become the new and preventable disaster.

Thematic Elements of One is One and All Alone by Nicholas...

From the repertoire of short stories available to form 2 students, this paper will select a piece written by Nicholas Fisk, entitled One is One and All Alone. The story is about Trish, the main protagonist, living on a spaceship bound for Trion. There were no other adolescence of her peer but there were her father and several other adults on deck maintaining the spaceship. Trish got lonely pretty quick and decided to create a clone of herself to accompany her lonely journey to Trion. At first it was all butterflies and rainbows but later things got ugly and lead to a traged where Trish was thrown out of the spaceship by her clone, Clo. In the end, Clo enjoyed living her new life as Trish without being noticed by her Dad. The central†¦show more content†¦Made popular by Carter and Long in 1991 in their book, Teaching Literature, this personal growth model is aimed at helping students to achieve an engagement with the reading of literary texts (Carter and Long, 1991). Why does this paper select the personal growth model as the model of choice in teaching the short story One is One and All Alone? It is because the ultimate goal of teaching a literary text or literature itself is not for examination purposes. It is larger than that. It is to help the students assimilate the lessons learned or the messages implied from any literary texts into their daily life, especially later when they are old enough to make decisions on their own. Carter and Long (1991) suggested that the teacher should be able to impart a lasting pleasure in the students upon reading literary texts and could help them achieve a deep satisfaction in a continuing growth of understanding. Besides that, personal growth model is more student centered (Carter and Long,1991). The overall aim is the ability to motivate the students to read by relating the themes and topics depicted in a literary text to his or her own personal experience. Therefore, the theme of friendship and making friends are very relatable towards students at that particular stage in life. They should be able to extract the positive message implied on the